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1. Bridggette Hambrick Homosexuality And Racism. 10....

1 Bridggette Hambrick: Homosexuality and Racism 10 Bridggette Hambrick: Homosexuality and Racism Homosexuality and Racism Bridggette Hambrick HR5013-110 January 27, 2017 OU Advanced Programs Abstract In this paper I am discussing the racial and prejudice issues of homosexuals. In the present day, homosexuals are being accepted in a better light than thirty years ago. Although, there are still racial slurs, non-acceptance issues, and violence that the homosexual communities are dealing with on a daily basis. In this paper I am discussing Lena. She is a lesbian trying to feel approval of the social world, and her family; by which she is trying to fit into the society. Therefore, the helper is directing Lena to take notice of†¦show more content†¦. History Homosexuality has been considered taboo since around 300 A.D. (Henderson, Long, 2016). Homosexual is a greek word; in which means the same and sexus means sex. For many years, people were executed for their homosexuality; having sex with the same sex. During the twelfth century, hostility toward homosexuals began and spread throughout the European religious institutes. Non-procreative or unnatural sexual behavior was condemned. This type of sexual activity was a waste for reproduction of the Jewish people (Henderson, Long, 2016). The Roman Catholic Church had different ways of punishment, the worst was being burned to death. Changes In 1785, Jeremy Bentham wrote the first known argument to reform the homosexual law, even though he did not publicize his report for fear. Finally, his essay was published in 1978. Following his unpublished report in the year of 1791, France became the first nation to decriminalize homosexuality. In the 1950?s, changes started to take place for the homosexual community around the world. In the United States, organizations started to acknowledge gay men and woman. The social movement in the 1960?s, such as Black Power, Anti-Vietnam War, and Women?s Liberation helped with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender activists becoming more radical. In 1965, the civil rights movement outlawed racial discrimination which included gay?s rights, but it was in 1969 when gay

Pricing And Distribution Of Pricing - 1357 Words

FUT pricing has attractive properties compared to usage-based pricing; it reduces utility variance by bundling plan units, and thus it satisfies diverse consumer needs and could thus enhance firm profits. FUT pricing also has a key advantage over flat rate pricing; by having more than one price point, FUT pricing makes it efficient and flexible to accommodate heterogeneous consumer needs, making it possible to increase total social welfare (combination of firm profit and consumer surplus). However, since FUT menu pricing is generally more difficult than flat rate pricing to implement in practice, it is useful to understand â€Å"when† and â€Å"by how much† FUT pricing can perform better compared to flat rate pricing in terms of firm’s profits, consumer surplus, and social welfare. Therefore, we aim at deriving an optimal solution for FUT menu pricing to both extend the literature on the pricing of information services and also to enhance managerial practice by t esting our model with sophisticated analytical and empirical techniques. FUT menu pricing resembles traditional quantity discounts for physical goods (e.g., Monahan, 1984; Lee and Rosenblatt, 1986; Munson and Rosenblatt, 1998; Corbett and Groote, 2000; Shin and Benton, 2004) in the sense that the unit price for a bigger size plan is discounted. However, unlike its popularity for information services, flat rate pricing is not as popular for physical goods perhaps because of the positive marginal cost associated with each unitShow MoreRelatedPricing and Distribution1937 Words   |  8 PagesPricing is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix as it is the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organization; the remaining 3ps are the variable cost for the organization. It costs to produce and design a product; it costs to distribute a product and costs to promote it. Price must support these elements of the mix. Pricing is difficult and must reflect supply and demand relationship (Constantinides, 2006). Pricing a product too high or too low could mean a loss of salesRead MoreBranding Pricing and Distribution1395 Words   |  6 PagesBranding Pricing and Distribution Presented to Presented by May 20, 2012 Abstract The company chosen and used for this paper is a mobile transport company that caters specifically to senior citizens. This particular paper will explain in detail domestic and global product branding strategy, optimum pricing strategy and a distribution channel analysis that identifies the wholesaler, distributor, and retailer relationships including e-Commerce. Discussions within the paper will also includeRead MoreBranding, Pricing, and Distribution1528 Words   |  7 PagesBranding, Pricing, and Distribution Gary D. Tate Strayer University Marketing-500 Instructor: Brett Jordon 5/17/2012 Branding, pricing, and distribution are all integral parts of a strategic marketing plan. Each segment of the plan needs to be developed individually with the entire culmination of the plan in mind. In other words, each segment should be a link in the chain to a completed marketing strategy. The ultimate goal is to reach a successful culmination of all three tiers that willRead MoreBranding, Pricing, and Distribution1715 Words   |  7 PagesBranding, Pricing, and Distribution In today s marketplace you need a strategy that insures a consistent approach to offering your product or service in a way that stands out from the competition. Branding, pricing, and distribution are all important parts of a strategic marketing plan. Brand identity is a very important part of a business. Brand identity is the impression in the consumer’s mind of a brands total personality. The brand personality is the image the company wants to convey throughRead MorePricing Strategy and Distribution1275 Words   |  6 PagesNature Beauty Price strategy will be the penetration theory for my product. Penetration is pricing low to stimulate the sales, encourage trail, and trigger by word of mouth. Nature Beauty’s mineral powder foundation will not be a new product that no company has similar to. We will need to start by gaining the trust of the consumers by word of mouth and different marketing strategies to the targeted customers. This way once the product has some buzz and customers appreciate the products value, weRead MoreBranding, Pricing, and Distribution1034 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 3: Branding, Pricing, and Distribution Dr. Englehart MKT: 500 Marketing Management A. Keaton December 20, 2013 Domestic and Global Product Branding Strategy Branding is a necessary strategy in which Organic Vita-Hair must use to create product awareness and recognition. This is especially the case since the company has chosen global markets as its target market due to its e-commerce structure. In order to complete this branding strategy, the company will use the followingRead MorePricing And Distribution Strategy Memorandum875 Words   |  4 PagesPricing and Distribution Strategy Memorandum With any pricing strategy, the price must match the branding of the product. For example, for a luxury item branded product, the price needs to be higher to coincide with the branding perception. A few pricing strategies to focus on include product cost based strategy, customer-focused strategy, and product life-cycle strategy. The distribution strategy also plays a crucial role in the successful implementation of a new product. Furthermore, MM IncRead MorePricing Strategy and Channel Distribution1472 Words   |  6 PagesPricing Strategy and Channel Distribution Senior Concierge Services Kelly Spino Strayer University Dr. Robert Badowski Abstract Determine and discuss a pricing strategy (penetration or skimming). Determine and discuss pricing tactics (product line pricing, value pricing, differential pricing, or competing against private brands) to be used for your product. Identify any legal and ethical issues related to the pricing tactics. Prepare a marketing distribution channel analysis identifyingRead MorePricing Strategy and Channel Distribution.1094 Words   |  5 PagesPricing strategy and Channel Distribution. Strayer University Author Note Silp Dhanasin, Master of Business Administration, Strayer University Correspondence concerning this article should be address to Silp Dhanasin, Master of Business Administration, Strayer University, 500 Redland Ct#100, Owing Mills, MD 21117 Abstract Gravity Co., Ltd is a start-up game on mobile business, and because the company intends to establish its market share; it will be utilizing the best pricing strategyRead MorePricing Strategy and Channel Distribution1931 Words   |  8 PagesThe Note Phone Marketing Plan – Pricing Strategy and Channel Distribution Lisa S Carey Marketing Management – MKT 500 February 13, 2011 Instructor: Dr. Keith C. Jones Marketing Plan – Pricing Strategy and Channel Distribution for the Note Phone 1. Determine and discuss a pricing strategy (Penetration or Skimming). Pricing is an important strategic issue because it is related to product positioning and furthermore, pricing affects other marketing mix elements such as product features

Accounting Ethics of Dick Smith Electronics

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Ethics of Dick Smith Electronics. Answer: The company which is formerly called the Dick Smith, Dick Smith Electronics or DSE was till the year 2016, was an Australian wide chain of the different retail stores that went on to sell the consumer electronic goods. It also sold hobbyist, the components of electronics and the various electronic project kits. The chain went on to expand successfully into the country of New Zealand but was very unsuccessful in the countries. The company was founded in the country of Sydney in the year 1968 by Dick Smith and was also owned by him and his wife until they sold the company Woolsworths limited during the year 1982. During the year of 2012, the company was acquired by the company anchorage Capital Partners and the company was floated by them in the Australian Securities Exchange by the onset of the next year. By the end of the year of 2015, December month, the price of the share of the company fell by 80% and during the month of January 2016, a halt in the trading of its shares was requested. Then during the year 2016, January, the company dick smith Hodgins Limited along with its associated companies went under administration by its creditors. During the month of February of the same year, a statement was released by the receivers of the company for some detailed information and that led to the closure of all of the stores of the company since the efforts of selling the stores of the company failed many a times. About 2460 staff in the country of Australia along with about 430 in the country of New Zealand went redundant due to the closures of these stores. The last of the store of the company was closed in May 2016. In the same month and year, the online retailer Kogan.com purchased the companys brands, trademarks, intellectual property along with the online business of the company in the countries of Australia and New eland. Then Kogan.com launched the company as the online only technology retailer in the countries of Australia and New Zealand. Then during the month of July, 2016, the company was placed for liquidation in order to settle the money that was payable by the company to the creditors[1] In respect of the economic theory, the failure of the Australian retailer is somewhat in line with the dynamic economy. The businesses today do utilise the various different economic resources as efficiently and effectively as possible due to the intense competition that the company is facing today. The failure of the company has led to the following opportunities to be considered: The diverse financial disclosures and the non-timely information for making the investment decisions The uneconomic results from the administration and the management of the company due to the over exerting power of the creditors The delays in providing the financial information from the management. Over serving by the insolvency professionals Conflicts between the interest and he soft landings of the directors of the failed companies [2] The company had many competitors such as JB Hi-fi, Harvey Norman etc. the company offered many deep discounts well before the time of Christmas but even then, and the company was not able to improve its sales. And it was well below the expected ones. But the company was expecting hug profits as could be seen from the prospectus of the company [3] But even then, the investors still believed that the company was worth an amount of $ 520 million when it was just worth of $20 million. The investors and the other regulators looked long and hard towards the private equity floats. The investors need to do their homework before they invest their hard earned money in any business [4] There have been many of the public hearings into the collapse of the electronics retailer and it has revealed many of the accounting questions relating with the rebates that are being offered by these companies. But this is not the only company which is accused of chasing the fees for the purposes of inflating the profits The following led to the failure of the company: The demand in the consumers electronics market is very high and hence there are many changes that takes place in the patterns of the consumer demands [5] The company had a very strong bonding in the market which was mush greeter than enjoyed by its competitors and hence, there is also a higher cost base. This is considerable exposure to and also reliance on the products market which is very fast moving and enhanced. The company was losing its share in the market and it was also undergoing a reduction in the sales. The growth in the revenue was based on the strong growth and also, the commercial sales had very lower margins of profit. The expansion plan of the company required some financial commitment and also utilised many of the cash resources and required a supplier commitment and also required the borrowings to be made from the bank [6] The decision of inventory that were made in the environment were not in line with the demand of the consumers and the company was left with a major amount of obsolete and an inactive stock and this required a major write-down. The clearance sales were not able to generate enough sales or the margins alleviated the pressure of cash [7] The company had unfavourable sales which led to a negative impact on the levels of the stock, on the product ix and on the presentation of the store. The pressures on the cash flows led to the banking covenants which caused the breach that could not be remedied [8] There is a need for an accounting standard that are able to clarify the principles of revenue recognition which would be applicable from the year 2018, in theoretical terms, the standard must address some of the issues that concerns the way the rebates are treated in the books of accounts. But also, it is also true that solely relying on the new accounting standards is not required [9] The profession of accounting is covered by the code of ethics which requires the accountants to act in the public interest and the main reason behind the same is the fact that the code provides some of the principles that rely on the support for the professionals since as they navigate the complex business for making the decisions. These are the decisions that include the treating of the revenue by the companies and strict adherence to the following of the requirements as have been laid down by the accounting standards. Each one failure of the company would undermine the constant urge of the principles based approach rather than the regulation which is the best way of forward. The profession if accounting brings in value and expertise to the business and also to the society which occupies a place of trust in the community today. When a social license is being given to the company, then there are high expectations from that company. In the case of this company too, the man issues were the following: The parties never agreed on the book value of the inventory of the Dick smith at the time of the sale transaction The parties did not have proper accounting for that transaction The company claims that Woolsworth made a very small gain after undergoing a series of devaluation and provisions. Following this, during the year 2015, the company surprised the market by stating that it required a writing down of the inventory of $ 60 million and this even when the companys financial statements were audited just 3 months before ad there were no adverse findings by the auditor. Then in the receivership, the secured creditors decide whether the offer of selling the business would be acceptable or not. The banks and the receivers solely have the information pertaining this offer. In case the loan goes into default, then the banks would increase the return by the way of running down the meter on the penalty interest. In the case of dick Smith, it has already been more than 60 days since the receivers and the administrators had been appointed but the receivers and the shareholders had no information relating with the same. The meeting of the secured creditors was delayed [10] The reciters extended the time that was given to the company in order to submit the report due to the ASIC. The creditors and the shareholders had no information. The Australian insolvency firms do not generally produce the financial statements that do not lead to the shareholders in understanding as what has happened to the company since the company was last reported as going concern [11] References: ABC News Dick Smith CEO Abboud resigns, Grover to take over, 2017. Australia, D. About Us | Dick Smith, 2017. Business Insider Australia.Dick Smith creditors have put the electronics retailer into liquidation, 2017. Fortune.com.The 5 Biggest Corporate Scandals of 2015, 2017. Malley, ADick Smith collapse raises more questions for accounting profession, 2017. NewsComAu.Report into Dick Smith collapse reveals management failures, 2017 Radio National .Dick Smith collapse shines a light on retail accounting practices, 2017 SmartCompany .Dick Smith collapses into voluntary administration SmartCompany, 2017 The Conversation .The ugly story of Dick Smith, from float to failure, 2017 The Conversation .The ugly story of Dick Smith, from float to failure, 2017 True, D.Dick Smith fears turn true, 2017. Australia, D. (2017).About Us | Dick Smith. [online] Dicksmith Australia. Available at: https://www.dicksmith.com.au/da/about/ [Accessed 8 May 2017]. The Conversation. (2017).The ugly story of Dick Smith, from float to failure. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/the-ugly-story-of-dick-smith-from-float-to-failure-55625 [Accessed 8 May 2017]. Radio National. (2017).Dick Smith collapse shines a light on retail accounting practices. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/breakfast/dick-smith-collapse-shines-a-light-on-retail-accounting-practice/7883492 [Accessed 8 May 2017]. Fortune.com. (2017).The 5 Biggest Corporate Scandals of 2015. [online] Available at: https://fortune.com/2015/12/27/biggest-corporate-scandals-2015/ [Accessed 8 May 2017]. News. (2017).Dick Smith CEO Abboud resigns, Grover to take over. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-12/dick-smith-ceo-nick-abboud-resigns/7083026 [Accessed 8 May 2017]. SmartCompany. (2017).Dick Smith collapses into voluntary administration - SmartCompany. [online] Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/finance/dick-smith-collapses-into-voluntary-administration/ [Accessed 8 May 2017]. NewsComAu. (2017).Report into Dick Smith collapse reveals management failures. [online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/mcgrathnicol-releases-dick-smith-report/news-story/c2897a8cf8023b3f7490b7f16c2781c2 [Accessed 8 May 2017]. Malley, A. (2017).Dick Smith collapse raises more questions for accounting profession. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/dick-smith-collapse-raises-more-questions-for-accounting-profession-20160721-gqagz5.html [Accessed 8 May 2017]. Malley, A. (2017).Dick Smith collapse raises more questions for accounting profession. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/dick-smith-collapse-raises-more-questions-for-accounting-profession-20160721-gqagz5.html [Accessed 8 May 2017]. true, D. (2017).Dick Smith fears turn true. [online] Skynews.com.au. Available at: https://www.skynews.com.au/business/business/national/2016/01/05/dick-smith-banks-appoint-receiver.html [Accessed 8 May 2017]. ( The Conversation. (2017).The ugly story of Dick Smith, from float to failure. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/the-ugly-story-of-dick-smith-from-float-to-failure-55625 [Accessed 8 May 2017].

Alzheimer essays

Alzheimer essays Alzheimers is the death of the mind before the body. (1) This definition of Alzheimers is very simple, but very true; it sums up the disease in one simple statement. Scientifically Alzheimers is a progressive, neurological disease, in which plaque and tangles, composed primarily of protein, build up on and in neurons respectively, in the hippocampus and interfere with memory, thinking, language skills and behavior. (2) It is still unclear whether these structures cause the disease, or if they are a byproduct of it. The disease is named after a German physician, Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906 he did a case study on a 51-year-old woman who suffered from a brain disorder, and her brain autopsy showed the same plaques and tangles that are used to diagnose Alzheimers today. The cause of Alzheimers is still unknown. (2). However current research is finding that there can be several contributing factors such as genetics, head injuries, age, neuron damage from free radicals, brain inflammation, and environmental factors. Age being the most important risk factor. There are also two types of the disease: sporadic and familial. Familial Alzheimers follows an obvious inheritance pattern, however less than ten percent of Alzheimers cases are familial. If this were the more prevalent form of the disease it would be much easier to predict and therefore one could start preparing far in advance, because this type can strike as early as 30. Scientists have made great advancements on the genetic front of the disease. They have zeroed in on three mutations on chromosomes 1, 14, and 21 that cause early-onset Alzheimers disease, which affects people within the ages of 30-60. They have also found information on late-onset Alzheimers, and other genes they believe increase susceptibility to the disease. There are two general categories of Alzheimers symptoms:...

Battleship Potemkin

Battleship Potemkin Introduction Sergei Eisenstein’s 1925 film Battleship Potemkin represents a classical example of formalist editing in cinematography. According to most well-known enthusiasts of this style of editing, such as Pudovkin and Eisenstein himself, the semantic significance of film’s mise en scene should not be dialectically explored but rather constructed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battleship Potemkin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both individuals tended to perceive the process of movie’s editing as being similar to the process of composing music – just as composer constructs a melody out of individually sounding and often dissonant musical notes, film’s director endows a particular scene with semiotic significance by the mean of providing scene’s takes with contextual wholesomeness. While outlining the essence of formalist editing, Gianetti (2001) states: â€Å"The envir onment of the scene is the source of the images. Long shots are rare. Instead, a barrage of close-ups (often of objects) provides the audience with the necessary associations to link together the meaning† (p. 157). Given the fact that Eisenstein never ceased being closely affiliated with promotion of Communist agenda, it comes as not a particular surprise that he had chosen in favor of formalist editing – by juxtaposing scenes’ seemingly unrelated shots, he was able to endow his films with clearly defined ideological sounding. In the same book from which we have already quoted, Gianetti provides us with the insight onto the actual technique of Eisenstein’s style of editing: â€Å"The conflict of two shots (thesis and antithesis) produces a wholly new idea (synthesis). Thus, in film terms, the conflict between shot A and shot B is not AB but a qualitatively new factor- C† (p. 158). In the next part of this paper, we will explore how Eisenstein went a bout applying the methods of formalist editing in Battleship Potemkin at length. Analytical part Even the very beginning of Battleship Potemkin is being perfectly illustrative of how the utilization of formalist editing in film can achieve a strong dramatic effect. At first, there is a take of battleship’s physician wearing a monocle, meant to emphasize his association with the class of bourgeoisie (00.05.43). After that, follows the shot of maggots crawling all over the piece of meat, which was supposed to serve ship’s sailors as food (00.05.45). After having exposed viewers to this take for a while, Eisenstein sharply replaces it with the shot of angry expression on sailors’ faces (00.05.60). It is needless to mention, of course, that from purely semantic perspective, the sequence of these shots does not make much of a sense.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mo re Nevertheless, after having watched this particular scene, viewers quite unintentionally get to absorb the idea that Eisenstein wanted them to absorb – namely, the fact that, while serving in Russian Imperial Fleet, sailors used to be subjected to a number of different abuses, which had prompted them to revolt. Just as it is being often the case with today’s TV commercials, the main idea that combined earlier mentioned shots into something that conveyed cognitively recognizable ideological message, only existed in director’s imagination. And, it is namely the fact that Eisenstein was a master of psychological manipulation, which had allowed him to impose his obscure and morally repugnant ideas upon viewers as representing some objective value. Another clue as to the actual essence of Eisenstein’s formalist editing can be found in the scene where revolutionary speakers address angry mob (00.41.32 – 00.42.19). Given the fact that Battleship Potemkin is a silent movie, exposing viewers to the sight of crazed revolutionaries encouraging marginalized crowds to kill nobles, while intensely gesturing, making angry faces and spewing saliva, during the course of the process, does not appear rationally motivated – after all, there is no sound in the movie. Nevertheless, by having this particular scene presented in his film, Eisenstein did not aim at subjecting viewers to Communist propaganda per se, but rather at making them cognitively comfortable with this propaganda as a concept, because on subconscious level, people tend to associate emotional intensity with intellectual honesty. In other words, just as it is being the case with the shots of maggots crawling over the piece of meat, the shots of hook-nosed political activists instigating ‘proletarians’ to overthrow Czar had served the cause of psychological manipulation, on director’s part – a clearly formalist editing technique. Neverthel ess, it is specifically the scene of czarist police shooting at civilians in Odessa, which provides us with the full understanding of how the utilization of formalist editing had helped Battleship Potemkin to attain a cult status. After police fires a salvo at demonstrators, we get to watch the following sequence of structurally unrelated takes: people running down the ‘Potemkin stairs’ (00.49.23), some kids laying on these stairs and crying, while being stepped upon (00.50.08), a bug-eyed woman experiencing an emotional distress (00.50.12), the older woman making jesters with her hands (00.51.18), one-legged man maneuvering through the running people on his crutches (00.51.48), police officers firing another salvo (00.51.51), woman with a baby in her hands catching the bullet (00.52.53), people running again in a chaotic manner (00.53.07), and finally the baby-carriage with a baby rolling down the stairs on its own (00.54.57), with this shot climaxing the whole scene.A dvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battleship Potemkin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, Einstein was well aware of the fact that, even though the scenes of police shooting at civilians do not occur very often in reality, his depiction of such a scene nevertheless would be perceived by viewers as perfectly plausible, due to its strongly defined emotional undertones. In their turn, these undertones had been brought about by director’s mastery in utilization of formalist editing. Conclusion Even though that in ‘artsy’ circles, the application of formalist editing in cinematography is being often considered as the only appropriate, due to such editing’s ‘sophistication’, the majority of movie goers do not subscribe to this point of view. And, this has nothing to do with their lessened intellectual abilities, as is being implied by enthusiasts of ‘auteur’ genr e in cinematography, but simply with the fact that this style of editing does not correspond to the linearly defined workings of Westerners’ psyche. In formalistically edited movie, there is very little of an actual movie, but mostly theory. The watching of Einstein’s Battleship Potemkin is like observing Malevich’s Black Square painting – without having been introduced to both individuals’ highly irrational and superficially sophisticate life-philosophies, it would prove quite impossible to define the actual significance of their cinematographic/artistic creations’ themes and motifs, if we assume that they do exist. As Gianetti had put it: â€Å"Eisensteins theories of collision montage have been explored primarily in the avant-garde cinema, music videos, and TV commercials. Most fiction film ­makers have found them too intrusive and heavy-handed† (p. 168). Thus, even though in Battleship Potemkin Einstein did succeed with providin g an emotional appeal to the Communist cause, he nevertheless had failed in making this particular movie watchable – after all, viewers do not particularly enjoy the feeling of being intellectually manipulated by the mean of being forced to accept director’s own ideological agenda as representing an undeniable truth-value. References Gianetti, L. (2001). Understanding movies. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Theory of representation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theory of representation - Case Study Example The most symbolic event of this political transformation is the recent election of Barack Obama to the office of President. The rest of this essay will critically assess Anne Phillips' "politics of presence" theory of representation, by contrasting it to alternative theories and interpretations forwarded by other scholars. In the introduction to her book 'The Politics of Presence', Anne Phillips states that "most voters know too little about the candidates to make their talents or virtues the basis for political choice. Most voters, indeed, would query whether these should be a central concern. We might all wish to be represented by people we regard as wiser or more able than ourselves, but, faced with a choice between someone more competent and someone whose views we can share, we usually feel safer in giving our support to the latter. The political party provides us with the necessary shorthand for making our political choice: we look at the label rather than the person, and hope we will not be let down." (Phillips, 1998, p.15) The above passage captures the essential dilemma confronting a voter, who is often unsure of which candidate truly represents his/her interests, opinions and beliefs and in turn will help create matching policy measures. Typically, there are no concrete ways in which one can ascertain if a candidate really represents the aspirations of the voter. To this extent the democratic system is said to operate on "the politics of ideas". Anne Phillips' model of representation based on "politics of presence" aims to provide an alternative framework for analyzing representation. At the centre of political representation based on presence is the demand for equality based on gender, race, class and other parameters of a particular democratic society. The well-entrenched politics of ideas, which is the dominant model in the twentieth century, suggests "a broadly secular understanding of politics as a matter of judgement and debate, and expects political loyalties to develop around policies rather than people" (Phillips, 1998, p.16). But either due to the apparent failure of this model of representation or due to the compulsions of modern times, political scientists and public intellectuals are looking at alternative models of representation, based on avenues of "'typical' or 'mirror' or 'random' representation, which they have seen as a better approximation to the old dream of being ruler and ruled in turn, or as a more satisfactory way of ensuring that all interests are adequately addressed" (Phillips, 1998, p.16). Although Anne Phillips does not endorse these radical alternatives to traditional models of democratic representation, the theory based on 'politics of presence' is an effort toward the broader search for alternatives. The politics of presence theory of representation tries to address the sense of political exclusion felt by communities defined by their race, gender or ethnicity. More specifically, the politics of presence "demands for the equal representation of women with men; demands for a more even-handed balance between the different ethnic groups that make up each society; demands for the political inclusion of groups that have come to see themselves as marginalized or